This phase focuses on fundamental scientific inquiry to understand biological, chemical, or physical processes. It typically occurs in laboratory settings and aims to uncover new knowledge about disease mechanisms, genetic pathways, or physiological processes.

Also known as “bench to bedside,” this phase involves translating basic research findings into early-stage interventions or therapies for testing in clinical settings. Researchers aim to validate hypotheses and demonstrate feasibility in small-scale clinical trials or studies involving human subjects.

This phase focuses on refining and testing interventions in larger, more diverse patient populations to assess safety, efficacy, and effectiveness. Researchers gather evidence on how well the intervention works in real-world clinical settings and begin to identify optimal dosages or treatment protocols.

In this phase, researchers evaluate the implementation and adoption of interventions in real-world settings. They conduct comparative effectiveness studies to determine how new treatments or technologies compare to existing standards of care. This phase also examines factors influencing patient outcomes and healthcare delivery.

This phase involves the dissemination and implementation of successful interventions into clinical practice or public health policies. Researchers assess long-term outcomes, monitor for potential adverse effects, and evaluate the broader impact of the intervention on population health and healthcare systems.